P

Pædogenesis. - A form of virgin reproduction; when the ovaries become mature daring larval life, so that eggs are produced which, without fertilization, develop within the body of the grub; young larvæ being born in an active condition of a larval mother. (From Gr. pais, a child, and genesis, production.)

Pagina inferior. - The lower surface of a wing. (L. a leaf or page, and inferior.) See Prone Surface.

Pagina superior. - The upper surface of a wing. (L. and superior.) See Supine Surface.

Paired ganglia. - The two nerve centres situated on either side of the recurrent nerve just behind the supraœsophageal ganglion and connected with cords to one another. They give off nerves to the salivary glands. (L. pars, equal, and ganglion.)

Paired Sympathetic Nervous System. - The lateral sympathetic nervous system.

Paleaceous. - Chaffy (Say). Abounding with chaffy scales. (From L. palea, chaff.)

Pallide-flavens. - Pale or whitish yellow. (L. pallidus, pale, and flavus, yellow.)

Pallidus. - Very pale in colour. (L.)

Palma. - The “Palm,” the basal tarsal joint of the anterior legs, sometimes furnished with strigilis. (L. the palm of the hand.) See Manus.

Palmate. - Widened and divided like the hand. (L. palma.) See Digitate.

Palmate hairs. - Ten small conical branched hairs, situated one on each side of the upper surface of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh abdominal segments of the Anopheles larvæ. The hairs form a more or less cup-shaped organ on the end of a delicate but distinct stalk, by means of which the larva is supported horizontally, close under the surface of the water.

Palp, Palpi. - Are the auxiliary organs of a masticating or mandibulate mouth; they are seldom simple appendages, inserted upon the maxillæ and labium. (L. palpi, from palpo, to feel.)

Palpi æquales. - Equal palpi, opposite of palpi inæquales. Palpi possessing equal joints. (L. palpi, and æqualis, equal.)

Palpi brevissimi. - Very short, hardly distinguishable palpi. (L. and brevis, short).

Palpi clavati. - Clavate palpi. (L. and clavus, a club.)

Palpi cunciformes. - Wedge-shaped palpi; when the last joint is wedge-shaped, which is attached by its sharp end to the preceding joint. (L. and cuneus, a wedge, and forma, shape.)

Palpi excavati. - Palpi which have the last joint concave at the extremity. (L. and ex, and cavus, hollow.)

Palpi fasciculati. - Palpi which have the terminal joint split into many threads and processes. (L. and fasciculus, a small bundle, etc.)

Palpi fissi. - Divided palpi; when the last joint is divided longitudinally. (L. and fissum, cleft.)

Palpi inæquales. - Unequal palpi; when single joints take a different form. (L. and in æqualis, unequal.)

Palpi lamellati. - Lamellate palpi. (L. and lamina, a plate.)

Palpi lunati. - Lunate palpi; palpi in the form of a crescent. (L. and luna, the moon.)

Palpi maxillares interni. - Internal maxillary palpi, which are found only in the tiger beetles and the water beetles, and which is analogous to the galea of the Orthropoda. (L. and maxilla, and internus, internal.)

Palpi pilosi. - Pilose palpi; palpi covered with soft down or hairs; hairy palpi. (L. and pilus, hair.)

Palpi subulati. - Subulate palpi; palpi terminating in a sharp, line point. (L. and subula, an awl.)

Palpi turgidi. - Turgid palpi, the last joint being turgid, or bladder like in shape. (L. and turgidus, swollen.)

Palpifer. - The Palpiger. (L. palpi, and fero, to bear.)

Palpiformis. - (Galea.) When distinct from the lacinia and composed of several cylindrical joints. (L. palpi, and forma, shape.)

Palpiger. - The process situated outwardly at the base of the Stipes and bearing the palp. (L. palpi, and gero, to bear.)

Palpiger of labium. - The third portion of the labium, bearing the labial palpi. (L. palpi, and gero, and labium, lip.)

Palpiger of maxillæ. - The third portion of the maxillæ, distinguished by bearing maxillary palpi. (L. palpi, and gero, and maxillæ, the cheeks.)

Panduriform. - Fiddle-shaped; oblong, broad at the two extremities, and contracted in the middle. (L. pandura, a bandore, and forma, shape.)

Papilionaceous. - Butterfly-like; butterfly-shaped. (L. papilio, a butterfly.)

Papillæ. - Small rounded tubercles, or pustules. (L. small pustules.)

Papillate. - Covered with papillæ; possessing papillæ or soft tubercles. (L. papilla.)

Papilliform. - Having the shape or form of a nipple or tubercle. (L. papilla, and forma, shape, form.)

Papillulate. - Resembling papillæ; having depressions or elevations with a small elevation in their centres. (L. papillæ, small pustules.)

Papillule. - A tubercle or variole with an elevation in its centre. (L. papillulus.)

Pappus. - Down. (L. down.)

Para-. - A Greek prefix, signifying beside or beyond.

Paraglossæ. - The short lateral lobes of a setiform lingula. The lobes of the second maxillæ. (Gr. para, and glossa, the tongue.)

Paraglossæ. - Filaments growing on the tongue in Hymenoptera.

Parallelopipedous. - Six-sided, with four parallelogramical and two quadrate sides; an oblong body with a square cross-section. (Gr. para, and allelon, one another, parallel; and epi, upon, and pedon, the ground.)

Paramera. - The genital appendages of the male, they are divided into the external and internal mera (parts). (Gr. para, and meros, a part.) See External, and Internal Paramera.

Paranal lobes. - The podical plates. (Gr. para and L. anus.)

Parapleuræ. - The lateral pieces on each side of the mesostethium. (Gr. para, and pleura, a rib, a side.)

Parapleuræ. - Side pieces, situated near to, or on either side of the acetabulum, limited anteriorly by the scapulæ. They are often divided into two. (Knoch.)

Parapleurum. - The Parapleuræ. - Those pieces of the post-pectus which are situated one on each side of the acetabulum, behind the scapula; in some genera there are two on each side, and may be distinguished into anterior and posterior parapleuræ (Say).

Parapodium. - A foot-tubercle. (Gr. para, and podion, diminutive of pour, a foot.)

Parapsidal suture. - The suture which separates each side of the mesonotum from the median portion of the segment in Ants. (Wheeler.) (Gr. para, and A.S. side.)

Parapsides. - The lateral portions of the scutellum of the mesothorax when it is divided into three by longitudinal sutural lines.

Parapsis. - The area cut off from each side of the mesonotum by the parapsidal suture. (Wheeler.)

Paraptera, (pl. -æ). - The term McLeay gives to the tegulæ. (Gr. para, and pteron, a wing.)

Parasite. - An animal which lives in, on, or at the expense of the substance of another. Leuckhart divided parasites into ecto- and endo-parasites, according as they live on, or in, their hosts. (Gr. para, and sitos, food.)

Parasitical. - Living on, or at the expense of another organism, like a parasite. (Gr. para, and sitos.)

Parasitised. - Containing parasites. Affected or attacked by parasites. (Gr. para, and sitos.)

Parastigma. - A darkened spot between the costal and post-costal nerves. (Gr. para, and stigma, a mark.)

Parastigmatic glands. - Circular glands sometimes present around the openings of the spiracles.

Parateli corculum. - The twelfth corculum. (Gr. para, beside, and telos, end, and L. corculum, a little heart.)

Paratellum. - The twelfth or penultimate segment in insects. (Gr. para, and tellum, from telos, the end.)

Paratype. - A specimen which has been compared with the type of a species. (Gr. para, and typos, from typto, to strike.)

Parencyhma. - The soft tissues of organs, generally applied to that of glands. (Owen.) Applied to the proper substance of viscera, excluding connective tissue, blood-vessels, and other accessory organs. (Huxley.) (Gr. para, and enychuma, an infusion; en, in, and cheo, to pour.)

Parietes. - Walls; the perpendicular sides of honeycomb; the sides of elevated bodies; the inside walls of any anatomical cavity. (L. paries, a wall.)

Pars basalis. * -
* According to Straus it is named Branche transversale.
(L. pars, a part, and basis, base or foot.) See Cardo.

Partes oris. - The oral organs, or mouth parts. (L. pars, a part, and oris, a mouth.)

Parthenogenesis. - Production by means of unimpregnated ova. (Gr. parthenos, a virgin, and gennao, to produce.)

Parthenogenetic. - Relating to parthenogenesis.

Partial segmentation. - Egg division; where a layer of germinal cells is formed at one side of the egg or round the central yolk. (From L. parti-, declined stem of pars, a part, and segment, from seco, to cut.)

Partite. - Divided to, or almost to, the base; pl. partita. (L. partiri, to divide.)

Parturition. - The period during which the female is producing ova, or larvæ, as in the case of Coccidæ. (L. pario, partum, to bring forth.)

Patagium, pl. Patagia. - Two horny erectile plates sometimes densely covered with hair, on the prothorax of Lepidoptera. (L. patagium, a gold edging or border on the tunic of a Roman lady.) See Tegula.

Patagium. - A sausage-shaped body situated on each side of the prothorax, in front of the first pair of spiracles, of mosquitoes. (Christophers.) (L.)

Patella. - A bowl or cup. (L.)

Patelliform. - Cup or bowl-like. (L. patella, and forma.)

Patulous. - Spreading; open; having a spreading aperture. (L. patulus, from pateo, to lie upon.)

Pearlaceous. - Having the appearance of a pearl. (A.S. pærl; Fr. perle. - Low L. perula.)

Pecten. - Rigid, incurved setæ, which arm the exterior margin of the upper part of the base of the maxillæ, and the valvulæ. (L. a comb.)

Pectinate. - Toothed; resembling the teeth of a comb. (L. pectin, stem of pecten, a comb.)

Pectinato-fimbriatæ. - (Antennæ). Being pectinate, and fimbriate at the same time. (L. pectin, and fimbria, a fringe.)

Pectines. - Two movable processes fixed one on each side, below the posterior legs, to the metasternum. (From L. pectin.)

Pectiniformate. - (Antennæ.) Having joints furnished on one side with slender processes resembling a comb. (L. pectin, and forma.)

Pectus. - “The breast”; that portion of the trunk which lies between the neck and the abdomen, but which above is covered by the elytra. (Knoch) (L.)

Pedal. - Pertaining to the foot or leg. (L. pedalis, belonging to the foot, from ped-, stem of pes, foot.)

Pedalian. - Pertaining to the foot, or leg. (L. pes, pedis, the foot.)

Pedicel. - The peduncle. (Fr. pedicelle, O.F. pedicule, from L. pedis, a foot.)

Pedis. - Pl. pedes. A foot, or leg. (L.)

Pedes natatorii. - Legs adapted to swimming. (L. pedis, and no, natum, to swim.)

Pedes spurii. - Spurious legs, prolegs. (L. pedes, and spurius.) See propedes.

Pedes raptorii. - Legs adapted to the seizing of prey. - (L. pedes, and raptor, from rapio, to rob.)

Pedicellate. - Supported by a pedicel. (L. pediculus, a foot stalk, a pedicel.)

Pedicellus. - The second joint of the antennæ. (L. pediculus, a stalk.)

pediform. - Foot shaped. (L. pedis, forma.) [PM].

Peduncle. - A piece supporting an organ, or joining one organ to another, like a neck. (Low L. pedunculus, from pedis, a foot.)

Peduncle. - The smaller of the two stalks arising from the trabecula and which support the calyx of the mushroom bodies. (L. pedunculus.)

Peduncular. - Pertaining to a peduncle.

Pedunculate. - Having a peduncle; supported by, or supporting a peduncle.

Pedunculate. - Having the podeon slender and thread-like.

Pellucid, Pellucidate. - Coloured, but transparent; clear, transparent. (L. per, very, and lucidus, clear.)

Peltate. - Target-shaped (Say.). (L. pelta, from Gr. pelte, a shield.)

Pencil. - A long flexible hair. (L. penecillus, diminutive of peneculus, from penis, a tail.)

Pencillate. - Possessing pencils; when long flexible hair is placed upon a thin stalk.

Pendent. - Hanging down. (Fr. pendant, hanging.)

Penecelli, Penicelli. - Long flexible hairs. (L. penecillus [see pencil] a brush or pencil.)

Penicillate. - (Maxillæ.) When the whole superior process of the under jaw is clothed with hair.

Penicilli. - Small hairy appendages of the genitalia of Ants attached to the tergite, or dorsal plate of the tenth abdominal segment. These organs are frequently used as diagnostic characters for the classification.

Penicilliform. - Pencil-shaped.

Penis. - A portion of the male genitalia. It is an evagination of the body-wall through which the terminal portion of the seminal duct is continued, and is capable of partial or complete retraction when not in use; in many insects it may possess hard chitinous portions, and lies hidden within the cloaca, from which it may be protruded during copulation. (L.)

Pennaceous. - Feathered, like the web of a quill. (L. penna, a feather.)

Pentamerous. - Having five joints. (Gr. pente, five, and meros, a part.)

Penultimate. - The last but one. (L. pene, pæne, almost, and ultimus, last.)

Per-. - A Latin prefix denoting through, by, very, over the whole extent.

Perfect. - Possessing all properties or qualities necessary for its complete state; complete in all parts. (L. perfectus.)

Perfoliate. - Formed of joints which appear to be strung together by a common thread. (L. per, and folium, a leaf.)

Perforatæ, Perforate. - (Antennæ.) When a portion of each joint is dilated and flattened and the remaining portion cylindrical, appears like a thread on which the dilated parts are strung. (L. per, and foro, to bore.)

Pergameneous. - Of a thin, tough, semi-transparent substance, - parchment-like. (The term is derived from Pergamos, in Mysia, where parchment was invented.)

Peri-. - A Greek prefix signifying around, near.

Pericardial, Pericardian. - Relating to the pericardium. (Gr. peri, and kardia, the heart.)

Pericardial cells. - Small cells attached to the suspensory filaments and muscles of the circulatory system; their function is not exactly known. (Gr. peri, and kardia.)

Pericardial diaphragm. - A delicate perforated membrane lining the lower surface of the pericardium. (Gr. peri, and kardia; dia, through, and phragma, an enclosure.)

Pericardium. - The irregular chamber which is bounded above by the upper body-wall, and its muscles, and below by the pericardial diaphragm, and in which the “heart” lies. (Gr. peri, and kardia, the heart.)

Periopticon. - An object of retinal structure, consisting of a series of rod-like pigmented nerve-cells surrounded by small “chaplet-cells” with a large nucleus, and connecting the nerve-fibres which pass out through the perforated membrane to the retinulæ surrounding the eye-rods. (Gr. peri, and optikos, pertaining to the sight.)

Peripheria. - The contour surface. (Gr. peri, and phero, to bear.)

Peripneustic. - A term given to one of the intermediate types between the holopneustic and apneustic tracheal systems. When the prothoracic and abdominal spiracles are open, while the mesothoracic pair are closed or atrophied. (Larvæ of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, and Trichoptera.) (Gr. peri, and from pneuma air.)

Peristæthium. - The Peristethium. That portion of the post-pectus anterior to the insertion of the legs; it extends laterally to the scapulæ, and is generally connected to the pectus by a membrane (Say.)

Peristethium. - The anterior central part of the medipectus, lying in front of the sockets of the intermediate legs. (Gr. peri, and stethos, the breast.)

Peristomium. - The oral margin or border of the mouth of Diptera. (Loew.) (Gr. peri, and stoma, the mouth.)

Peritracheal membrane. - The ectotrachea. (Gr. peri and trachys; and membrane.)

Peritreme. - The small plate which is perforated by the external opening of the spiracles directly under the fore-wing. (Audouin.) (Gr. peri, and trema, a hole.)

Peritrophic membrane. - A funnel-shaped fold of membrane situated on the hinder end of the proventriculus and enclosing its outlet, extending back like a tube to the anus. (Gr. peri, and trepo, to turn.)

Perpendicular. - At right angles to the horizon. (Gr. perpendiculum, a plumbline.)

Perpendiculare. - (Head.) Observing the relations of the head to the thorax; the term is used when its longitudinal diameter forms a right angle with the axis of the body.

Persistent. - Permanent. (L. persisto, to persist.)

Petiolar. - Pertaining to a petiole. (L. petiolus, a little stalk.)

Petiolate. - (Egg). Stalked; placed upon a stalk. (L. petiolus.)

Petiole. - A stalk. (F. petiole, a foot-stalk of a leaf. L. petiolum, acc. of petiolus, little stalk.)

Petiolule. - A small petiole.

Petiolus. - The foot stalk; a slender part by which the abdomen of many Hymenoptera is united to the trunk; it includes the funiculus, and foramen. (L.)

Phallus. - The male organ of generation. (Gr. phallos.)

Pharyngeal nerve. - Two small nerves arising from each side of the frontal ganglion, extending latero-ventrally to the lower portions of the pharynx. (Hammar.) (From Gr. pharungx, the pharynx.)

Pharyngeal pump. - The antlia.

Pharynx. - The opening into the gullet; it includes the epipharynx and hypopharynx. (L. from Gr. pharungx.)

Phial. - A little sac to receive fluid at the will of the insect, by which the weight of the wing is increased. (Gr. phiale, a small vessel, or bottle.)

Phosphorescent. - Lucid; emitting light in the dark. (From L. phosphorus.)

Phragma. - The posterior margin of the prothorax descending in front of the alitrunk. (Gr. an enclosure.)

Phylogenetic. - Pertaining to the history of the race. (Gr. phule, a tribe, and gennao, to bring forth.)

Phytophagus. - Feeding on plants. (Gr. phyton, a plant and phago, to eat.)

Piceous, Piceus. - Black with a greenish tint; the colour of pitch. (L. piceus, black as pitch.)

Pigment. - The substance in which the cones or pseudocones of the eye are buried, it forms two layers, the iris pigment (iris tapetum) and the inner retinal pigment. (L. pigmentum, from pig-, root of pingo, to paint.)

Piliferous, Piligerous. - Bearing hair; covered with hair. (L. pilus, hair, and fero, and gero, to bear.)

Pilose. - Covered with soft down or short hairs; hairy. (L. pilus, hair.)

Pinguis. - Naturally and proportionately plump. (L. fat.)

Pinnate. - Having thorny processes, or stiff hairs. Branching or cleft like a feather. (L. penna, a feather.)

Pinnatifid. - With winged clefts. (L. penna.)

Pinnulate. - (L. penna.) See pinnate.

Pitchy. - Blackish-brown; the term is used loosely. (A.S. pic, and L. pix, pitch, tar.)

Plaga. - A long spot of irregular form, and colour. (L. a bruise).

Plagate. - Possessing plagæ.

Plane. - A surface destitute of elevations, depressions and markings. (Fr. from Low L. planus, a plane.)

Planta. - The first joint of the tarsus. (L. sole of the foot.)

Plantula. - A minute accessory joint, sometimes attached within the claws to the apex of the ungula; to be seen in the stag-beetles. (Diminutive of L. planta.)

Pleuræ. - Lateral plates of the segment; lateral equivalents of the tergæ. - The lateral surfaces of the segments. (Gr. pleura, the side). See Præpleura.

Pleural. - Pertaining to the lateral surfaces of the segments. (Gr. pleura.)

Pleural region. - The region separating the upper and ventral arcs, formed by the tergites and sternites, of a segment.

Pleurites. - Another term for the pleuræ. (Packard.)

Plicate. - Furnished with a fold, or folds; like a fan. (L. plico, to fold.)

Plumbeus. - Lead-like in colour, of a blue-grey colour. (L. plumbum, lead.)

Plumose, Plumous. - Feather-like; feathery; resembling feathers. (L. pluma, a feather.)

Plumiliform. - Shaped like a feather or plume. (L. pluma, and forma.)

Plump. - Fleshy; swollen; of a stout, solid nature; thick; bulky. (E. or O.L.G., M.E. plomp; plim, verb to swell out. O.L.G. plump, bulky, thick.) See Pinguis.

Plumulose. - When the hairs branch out laterally like feathers. (L. plumula, a little feather.)

Poculiform. - Cup-shaped. (L. poculum, cup, and forma, shape.) See Proculiform.

Podeon. - The sixth segment in insects. (Gr.)

Podical plates. - A pair of small plates situated at the side of the posterior ventral anus. (Theobald.) (L. podicus, pertaining to a foot.)

Podothecæ. - Leg-cases, that portion of the theca enclosing the legs. (Gr. pous, podus, a foot, and theca, a case.)

Poisers. - Appendages in the place of hind wings, originating directly beneath the callosity of the metanotum. (O.F. poiser, to weigh.) See Halteres.

Poison-glands. - The glands secreting the poison, generally two in number connected by a more or less simple duct to the poison-sac.

Poison-sac. - The bag or sac for the reception of the poison secreted by the poison-glands. (Fr. poison, from L. potionem, acc. of potio, a draught.)

Polar cells. - While the primitive-cell segmentation is still in progress, before the formation of the inner-layer, a “polar-cell” is separated from the hinder pole of the egg. This by successive halving divides into eight, which after the formation of the blastoderm, pass through it, and divide into two groups, taking up positions on either side of the hind gut, from these cells the eggs or sperm cells of the developing insect arise. (Gr. polos, a pole.)

Polex. - The last dorsal segment of the abdomen. (Gr. polos.)

Pollen-brushes. - The hairs situated on the proximal or first joint of the tarsus of bees. (L. very fine flour; and F. brosse, brush.)

Pollex. - “An inch”; the width of the thumb, an obsolete measure for the determination of the length of large insects. (L. the thumb.)

Polliniferous. - Formed for collecting the pollen of plants; the tarsi of many of the Hymenoptera. (L. pollen, and fero, to bear.)

Pollinose. - Having yellow dust, like the pollen of flowers. (L. pollen, fine flour.)

Politum. - Polished, shining. (L. politus, polished) See Nitidum.

Poly-. - Greek, many.

Polygonal, Polygonous. - Having many angles. (Gr. poly, many, and gonia, an angle.)

Polymorphous. - Having various and many forms. (Gr. poly, and morphe, shape.)

Porcate. - Having several elevated longitudinal parallel ridges; formed in ridges. (L. porca, a ridge.)

Porcate. - Possessing deep, broad sulcations. (L. porca.)

Pore. - A minute orifice in the membranous surface by which fluids are exhaled or absorbed; a small interstice between the molecules or particles of bodies. (Gr. poros, a passage.)

Pores. - Large isolated punctures. (Gr. poros.)

Porose. - Possessing pores. (Gr. poros.)

Poriform. - Resembling a pore. - (Gr. poros, and forma, form.)

Porrect. - (Head.) In observing the relations of the head to the thorax; the term is used when it projects. Extending forth horizontally. (L. porrigo, porrectum, to stretch forth.)

Post-. - A Latin prefix signifying after, behind.

Post-antennal organ. - A curious and variably shaped organ situated between the eyes and antennæ of the Collembola (Lipuræ). In Lipura maritima, it is seen to be composed of from seven to eight spaces or areas of colour, which in the young individuals amount to as many as twenty-two to twenty-four, and are arranged like the seeds of the malvaceous plants. (Tullberg,*
* “Om Skandinavesken Podurider,” Upsala, 1869, p. 14.
Laboulbene.) (L. post, antenna, and Gr. ergon.)

Post-clypeus. - The posterior part of the clypeus. (L. post, and clypeus.)

Post-costal nerve. - The second principal nerve of the wing, and often the strongest. (L. post, and costa, a rib, and Gr. neuron, a nerve.)

Post-dorsolum. - The intermediate piece between the mesophragma and the post-scutellum. (L. post and dorsum, back.)

Posterior. - After in place; succeeding. (L. post, after.) [PM]

Post-furca. - The internal descending process of the metathorax. (L. post, and furca, a fork.)

Postnasus. - That part of the face immediately contiguous to the antennæ, that lies behind the nasus, when distinctly marked out. (L. post, and nasus, the nose.)

Post-pectus. - The underside of the posterior division of the alitruncus, which is divided into the mesostethium, parapleuræ, metasternum, post-furca, and the opercula. (L. post, and pectus, the breast.)

Post-pharyngeal glands. - Two groups of finger-shaped salivary glands situated immediately behind the pharynx, and opening into the alimentary duct by a pair of tubular orifices. (L. post, pharynx, and glans, a gland.)

Postretinal fibres. - The fibres arising from the facets of the compound eye and which pass into the ganglionic plate, which is united within by the chiasmatic fibres of the external medullary mass. (L. post, retina, and fibra, a fibre.)

Post-scutellum. - The fourth section of the upper surface of the segment. (L. post, and scutum, a shield, plate.)

Post-sternellum. - The fourth section of the lower surface of the segment. (L. post, and sternum.)

Præ-. - [See Pre.]

Præpleura, Pleura, Pleurella, Post pleurella. - The first, second, third, and fourth sections respectively of the pleura. These portions are divided by sutural lines, and are rarely distinguishable in more than one segment of an insect. (L. pre, and Gr. pleura, side.)

Præputium. - The large spherical muscular mass into which the ductus ejaculatorius passes.

Præscutellum, Præscutum. - The plate nearest the head, in the supper surface of the segment when it is divided into four pieces. (L. pre, and scutellum; and scutum.)

Præsternum. - The plate nearest the head in the lower surface of the segment when it is divided into four plates. (L. pre, and sternum.)

Prasinous, Prosinus. - The colour of the leaves of leeks; light green inclining to yellow; grass green. (Gr. prason, a leek.)

Pre-. - A Latin prefix signifying before, or prior in space, time, or degree.

Prebasilaire. - The term applied to the basilaire when it is sloped, and its anterior raised margin swollen into a thick callosity. (L. pre, and basilairis.)

Premorse. - Having the end bitten off in appearance, or splintery. (L. pre, and morsum, to bite.)

Preocular (ant. præoculares). - (Antennæ). Inserted close to the front of the eyes. (L. pre, and oculus, an eye.)

Primitive streak or band. - The formation of the embryo in an elongated thickened region of the blastoderm. (L. primus, first, and striga, a furrow, a streak.)

Pro-. - A Latin prefix signifying before, fore, forward, or forth.

Proalæ. - The anterior or fore wings, arising from the sides of the mesothorax; they vary greatly in composition, covering and form. (L. pro, and ala, a wing.)

Proboscis. - A suctorial instrument for conveying food to the mouth. (L. proboscis, a snout.)

Proboscis. - The oral instrument of Diptera, in which the ordinary trophi are replaced by an articulated sheath, terminated by the labella, and containing one or more scapella covered by a valve. (L.)

Procephalic lobes. - (Embryology.) The two flaps formed by the first segments of the embryo, dividing; the segments being formed by the primitive streak dividing by transversely impressed lines into segments. (L. pro, and Gr. kephale, the head.)

Procerebral bridge. - A band uniting the two halves of the brain. (L. pro, and cerebrum.)

Procerebral lobes. - The two fused nerve lobes of the procerebrum.

Procerebral mass. - The mass of nerve centres, nerves, and ganglia constituting the procerebrum, they are the procerebral lobes; optic ganglia; postretinal fibres; ganglionic plate; external chiasma; external medullary mass; internal chiasma; internal medullary mass; mushroom bodies; procerebral bridge, and the central body.

Procerebrum. - The fore-brain composed of the procerebral mass. (L. pro, fore, and cerebrum, brain.)

Process. - A projection, or any protuberance. (L. pro, before, and cedere, to go. Der. process, mod. F. procès.)

Proctodæum. - The hind gut, comprising the small intestine, colon, and rectum. (L.).

Proculiform. - Hollow and cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, the sides at the top being straight and not curved.

Procumbent. - Trailing; prostrate; lying flat. (L. pro, and cumbo, to lie.)

Produced. - Drawn out, prolonged, extended, exhibited. (L. pro, and duco, to draw or lead.)

Productile. - Capable of being lengthened out. (L. pro, and ductus.)

Prolegs. - Fleshy pediform organs, which serve various larvæ in place of legs. (L. propedes.)

Prominent. - (Head.) In observing the relations of the head to the thorax; the term is used when they form one plane. (L. pro, and mineo, to jut.)

Promuscis. - Rostrum, proboscis; the oral instrument of “flies.” (L. pro, and musca, a fly.)

Promuscis. - The oral instrument of Hemiptera in which the ordinary trophi are replaced by a jointed sheath, covered above at the base by the labrum, without labella at the end, and containing four long capillary lancelets, and a short tongue. It includes the vagina and scapella. (L. pro, and musca, a fly; apparently the word fly is used for any insect that might look like a fly.)

Prone. - When an object lies upon its belly. (M.F. prone - L. pronum, acc. of pronus, not erect.)

Prone surface. - (Superficies.) The under-surface.

Pronotum. - The upper surface of the prothorax.

Propedes. - The fore or anterior legs. (L)

Propedes. - (Larvæ). Ventral and anal legs, or prolegs. (L.) See Prolegs.

Prophragma. - A thin partition which descends from the anterior margin of the mesothorax into the cavity of the trunk and separates the anterior segment from the intermediate one. (Gr. pro, and phragma, an enclosure.)

Propleura. - The two lateral surfaces of the prothorax. (Gr. pro, and pleura, aside.)

Propneustic. - A term given to one of the intermediate types between the holopneustic and apneustic tracheal systems: - When only the most anterior pair of spiracles are open. (Pupa of Culex, Corethra, etc.) (L. pro, and Gr. pneuma, air.)

Propodeon. - The fifth segment in insects. (L. pro, and Gr. pous, from podus, foot.)

Propodeonis scutum. - The scutum of the propodeon. (L. propodeon, and scutum, a shield.)

Propodeum. - The first abdominal segment, which in Hymenoptera exclusive of the Phytophaga, forms a part of the thorax. (L. pro, and Gr. pous, from podos, foot.)

Propolis. - A substance formed and used by bees in the hives; the product of resinous substances of the buds of trees, etc. (Gr. pro, and polis, a city.)

Propygidium. - Penultimate dorsal segment of the abdomen, visible in certain Histeridæ, etc., to which it is applied. (L. pro, and Gr. pygidium.)

Prostheca. - A sub cartilaginous process attached, to the inner side, near the base, of the mandibulæ; seen in some of the Coleoptera. (Gr. pro, and theca, a case.)

Prosternum. - The under surface of the prothorax. The central prominent ridge of the antepectus. (L. pro, and sternum.)

Protellum. - The eleventh segment in insects. (Gr. pro, before, and from telos, the end.)

Prothroacis cerebroida. - The second cerebroida. (L. pro, and thorax, and from cerebrum, a brain.)

Prothroacis nervi dorsalis. - The two nerves ascending to the back from the mesothoracis cerebroida. (L. prothorax, and nervus, a nerve, and dorsum, the back.)

Prothoracis scutum. - The scutum of the prothorax. (Gr. protos, first, and thorax, and L. scutum, a shield.)

Prothoracotheca. - The prothoracic-case, that portion of the theca enclosing the prothorax. (Gr. protos, thorax, and theca, a case.)

Prothorax. - The second segment in insects; the first or anterior segment of the thorax. (L. - Gr. protos, first, and thorax, the breast, breast-plate, chest, etc.)

Protocerebral lobes. - The head nerve lobes situated in front of the mouth. (Gr. protos, first; cerebron, the brain; and lobos, a lobe.) See Protocerebron.

Protocerebron. - The fore brain, consisting of the central masses-the mushroom bodies, optic trunk, and lobes. (Gr. protos, first, and cerebron, the brain.)

Protopodite. - The first part of the maxilla. (Gr. protos, first, and podos, a foot.)

Protuberant. - Projecting; of any irregularity of the surface. (L. protuberans, from protubero, to bulge out.)

Proventricular valvule. - The œsophageal valve. (?)

Proventriculus. - The fore-stomach; it is very muscular, being lined with chitin, which is usually provided with numerous teeth arising from the folds. These folds begin in the œsophagus or crop, and end at the commencement of the mid-intestine. (L. pro, and ventriculus, the belly.)

Prozona. - The anterior portion of the pronotum of the Elatidæ. (L. pro, and zona, a belt.) See Metazona.

Pruinose. - Covered with minute dust, as if frosted. (L. pruina, hoar-frost.)

Prunus, Prunosus. - Reddish-blue, with a whitish covering, like the bloom of ripe plums. (L. prunus, a plum tree.)

Pselaphotheca. - Palpi-cases, two conical processes arising in front of the eyes of pupæ; that portion of the theca enclosing the palpi. (Gr. pselaphao, to feel (palpi-feelers), and theca, a case.)

Pseudo-. - A Greek prefix signifying false, or spurious.

Pseudocone. - Eyes that have the four cone-cells filled with transparent fluid, but are not fused together to form one true cone. (Eyes of Diptera.) (Gr. pseudo, and konos, a cone.)

Pseudonychia. - Spurious claws; two stiff claw-like bristles which terminate the plantula. (Gr. pseudo, and onyx, the nail.)

Pseudotetramerous. - Having apparently four joints, though in reality five are present. (Gr. pseudo, tetra, four, and meros, a part.)

Pseudotrimerous. - Having apparently three joints, though in reality four are present. (Gr. pseudo, tri, three, and meros, a part.)

Pseudova. - Unimpregnated eggs which produce young; virgin ova. (Gr. pseudo, and L. ova, eggs.)

Pterigostia. - “Wing bones,” the nervures. (Gr. pteri, a wing, and osteon, a hone.)

Pteropega. - The wing-sockets, situated on the dorsolum. (Gr. pteron, a wing, peza, from pous, the foot.)

Pterostigma. - The name given to the second costal cell of the wing when it is opaque. (Gr. ptero, a wing, and stigma, a mark.)

Pterothecæ. - (Pupæ.) The wing cases, that portion of the theca enclosing the wings. (Gr. pteron, a wing, and theca, a case.)

Pterygium. - Small wing-lobes seen upon the base of the under wings. ex. Lepidoptera. (From Gr. pteron, a wing.)

Pterygodes. - Latreille's term for the tegulæ. (From Gr. pteron.)

Pterygoid. - Wing-like. (Gr. pteron, a wing, and eidos, like.)

Ptilinum. - A large bladder-like organ which is pushed out through the frontal suture when the adult is going to emerge from the puparium.

Pubescent. - Furnished with shining hairs or down. (L. pubes, hair, Der. pubescence, sb. due to pubescent-, stem of the present participle of pubescere, to arrive at puberty.)

Pulmonaria. - The pulmonary spaces. (L. pulmonarius, from pulmo, a lung.) See Pulmonary space.

Pulmonary space. - Two longitudinal soft places on each side of the back of the abdomen, which are capable of tension and relaxation, and where they exist, the dorsal spiracles are planted. (L. pulmonarius.)

Pulverulent. - Dusty; consisting of fine powder; (L. pulverulentus, from pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder.) See Pollinose.

Pulvilli. - Soft cushions on the underside of the tarsi. (L. pulvinus, a cushion.)

Pulvinulus. - Soft balls at the ends of the tarsi. (L. pulvinus.)

Puncto-striatus. - Punctured longitudinal straight lines. (L. pungo, punctum, to prick, and stria, a furrow.)

Punctum. - A spot. (L.)

Puncture. - A small depression on the surface, usually round. (L. punctura, a prick, a puncture.)

Punctate. - Furnished with punctures. (L. punctura.

Punctate-striate. - Rows of punctures imitating and taking the place of striæ, opposed to striate-punctate, with loose punctured striæ. (L. punctum, and stria, a furrow.)

Punctation, Punctuation, Puncturation. - Covered with punctures; possessing punctures. (L. punctura.)

Punctiform. - Possessing a small impression or fovea, larger than an ordinary puncture. (L. punctum, a spot, and forma, form.)

Punktsubstanz. - The fibrillar substance composing the calyces of the mushroom bodies. (Kenyon.)

Puniceus. - Bright red with a violet tint. (L. red, reddish.)

Pupa - The third stage of an insect's life; the chrysalis stage, the apparently torpid state before an insect assumes its wings. (L. pupa, a chrysalis. L. pupa, a girl, hence undeveloped insect.)

Pupæ adhærenæ. - Adherent pupæ; pupæ which hang perpendicularly with their heads downward. (L. pupa, and ad, and hæreo, hæsum, to stick.)

Pupæ angulares. - Pupæ possessing a process like a pyramid, or nose, on the back. (L. pupa, and angulus, an angle.)

Pupæ conicæ. - Conical pupæ in contradistinction to angular pupæ. (L. pupa, and conicus, conical.) See Pupæ angulares.

Pupæ contignæ. - Bound pupæ; pupæ which remain upright against a vertical object, and supported thus by a delicate filament passed transversely across the thorax. (L. pupa, and contigno, to bind.)

Pupæ custodiatæ. - Guarded pupæ; pupæ which are incased, but the cocoon remains partially open. (L. pupa, and custos, a keeper.)

Pupæ excaratæ. * -
* Mumia, so called by Lamarck.
Excarate or sculptured pupa; pupæ in which the limbs of the perfect insect are observed to lie free, though still closely attached to the body. (L. pupa; ex, out, and caro, flesh.) See Mumiæ pseudonymphæ.

Pupæ folliculatæ. - Incased pupæ; pupæ which repose in cases artificially prepared by the larvæ. (L. pupa, and follis, a bag.)

Pupæ larvatæ. - Masked pupæ, pupæ whose general enclosure is a horny case, but upon which the different parts of the future insect are traced in lines. (L. pupa, and larva, a mask.)

Pupæ nudæ. - Naked pupæ; pupæ which freely lie, hang, or are in no way fastened or attached in their particular element. (L. pupa, and nudus naked.)

Pupæ obtectæ coarctatæ. - Coarctate and obtected pupæ; pupæ which are closed in a firm, egg-shaped, corneous case, and which do not in the least indicate the parts of the perfect insect. The surrounding case is the dried skin of the larva, and the true pupa lies inclosed beneath it. (L. pupa; ob., and tectum, to cover.) See Obtect pupæ.

Pupæ subterraneæ. - Subterraneous pupæ; pupæ which pass this period of their life buried underground. (L. pupa; sub, under, and terra, the earth.)

Pupal. - Pertaining to the pupa. (L. pupa.) [PM]

Pupal sac. - The thin, semi-transparent membrane enveloping the head and thorax of the pupæ of Anopheles maculipennis. (Nuttall and Shipley.) (L. pupa. and sac.)

Puparium. - The secretionary covering of many Coccidæ. The last larval skin which, in the case of Diptera, protects the pupa. (L. pupa.)

Pupation. - The period occupied in changing from the larva or nymph into the imago. The third stage of an insect's life; the period of histology. (L. pupa.)

Pupil, Pupilla. - The central spot of the ocellus. (L. pupillus.)

Pupiparous. - Bringing forth pupæ. (L. pupa, and pario, to bring forth.)

Purpureal. - Purple. (Gr. purpura.)

Purpureus. - (Gr. purpura.) See Puniceus.

Pustule. - A point of large circumference. (L. pustula, a blister, pimple, etc.)

Pustulate, Pustulosus, Pustulous. - Covered with pustules; poc-like. (L. pustula.)

Pygidium. - The last dorsal segment of the abdomen. (Gr. pygidion, diminutive from of puge, the the rump.)

Pygidium. - A horny chitinous organ of very variable shape, situated between the last dorsal and ventral sclerites; between the branches of the forceps of the Elatidæ.

Pygidium. - (Coccidæ.) The compound terminal segment of the Diaspinæ and Conchaspinæ; the last ventral segment. (Gr. pygidion.)

Pygofer. - The compound terminal segment of the abdomen of the Homoptera.

Pyramidal, Pyramidale, Pyramidate. - Resembling a pyramid in shape; angular. (L. pyramis, a pyramid.)

Pyramidate fascia. - An angled fascia. (L. pyramis, and fascia.)

Pyriform, Pyriforme. - Pear-shaped. (L. pyrum, a pear, and forma.)